What are the different tests for lung cancer?
There are many methods of testing for lung cancer. Remember that each patient is treated as an individual and therefore your specialist will recommend which tests are required to obtain the diagnosis and stage of the disease. This may also be discussed through the Lung Cancer Multi Disciplinary Team. Below is a list of tests that are often used to diagnose lung cancer:
Chest x-ray
A simple x-ray of the chest which can sometimes show abnormalities such as inflammation, infection, scarring or growths.
CT scan (computed tomography)
PET scan (positron emission tomography) A scan that gives pictures showing where there is active cancer throughout the body. A PET scan is extremely helpful in staging the cancer (or suspected cancer). An injection with a tiny amount of radiotracer is given to highlight any active cancer cells. The scan is painless and quiet and you will not be fully encased during the examination.
Biopsy
A sample of tissue called a biopsy will need to be taken to determine the type of cancer. Many tests will be done on the biopsy to help direct the specialist to provide the best advice on treatment. One test is called an EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) test. Please click on here for more information.
Bronchoscopy
Allows the doctor to examine, photograph, and when possible, take a tiny sample (biopsy) of tissue from the inside of your lungs/airways. Sometimes a special bronchoscope is used called an EBUS (click here for more information) which allows the doctor to examine and take a sample from the the lymph nodes as well. Before this test your throat is sprayed numb and a relaxing sedative may be given. A narrow flexible tube with a tiny camera on the front will then be inserted down your nose or mouth. This shows a picture of airways/lungs, and when possible can slide down towards the area in your lung that seems suspicious. Little pinchers on the end of the camera will then be used to take a sample of the growth. If the sample is found to be cancerous it is called malignant, if not it is benign. At this point the cell type of lung cancer you have may be established. This test is not painful but can be uncomfortable and leave you with a sore throat for a few days. A bronchoscopy can be done either as an outpatient or an overnight stay in hospital.
Lung Function Tests
These are tests to establish how well your lungs are working (air/oxygen capacity). May help decide if you are fit enough for surgery, radiotherapy, or if you have any ongoing lung conditions, such as emphysema. These simple tests usually involve blowing into a mouth-piece.
Ultrasound
This is a painless scan that uses soundwaves to create an image of the inside of your body. It may be used to examine inside the kidneys, liver, lung and lymph nodes adjacent to the lung. It is frequently used to pinpoint fluid in the lung.
Mediastinoscopy
A surgical procedure for examining lymph nodes under the breastbone (will leave a small scar). This test requires a general anaesthetic and a short stay in hospital.
Blood test
Can help in finding out about your general health and possible spread of lung cancer. Can provide information on many aspects of health including: How well your kidneys and liver are working (Creatinine/LFT's). If your body's biochemistry is balanced (for example, enough calcium and protein). Ongoing/vulnerability to infection (white cell count). Anaemia/lack of circulating oxygen (haemoglobin). Susceptibility to bruising/bleeding (platelets).
Sputum (spit)
A sample may assist in establishing if you have any infections or blood present. Your hospital or GP can perform this test. MRI Scan (magnetic resonance image) A painless but noisy scanning machine which is similar to a CT scanner but gives a different type of 3D image-using magnets instead of x-rays. No jewellery must be worn during scan, as it will be attracted to the magnet inside the machine. If you suffer from claustrophobia you should tell the staff as they will be able to reassure you throughout the procedure. Bone scan A scan where a small amount of radioactive material is injected into a vein to highlight any areas of the bones that have been affected by cancer, trauma, or inflammation. Normally done on an outpatient basis.